Introduction and Early Life:
Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy was born on 8th September 1892 was a Bengali pioneer and state leader of the British-managed Bengal. He was one of the most persuasive Bengali government officials in the hour of the British Raj. While trying to forestall the Partition of Bengal he supported for United Bengal proposal. He filled in as the last Prime Minister of Bengal [1]. Here, we will discuss Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy | Pakistani Politician.
| Basic Information | Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy |
| Nationality | British India (1892 – 1947), Indian (1947 – 1949), Pakistani (1949 – 1963) |
| Date of Birth | 8th September 1892 |
| Place of Birth | Midnapore, Bengal, British India |
| Residence | Midnapore, Bengal, British India, Pakistan. |
| Date of Death | 5th December 1963 |
| Place of Death | Beirut, Lebanon |
| Age | 71 years old. |
| University Graduation completion | Calcutta University (BS in Maths, MA in Arabic lang.) St Catherine’s College, Oxford (MA in Polysci and BCL). |
| Famous for | 5th Prime Minister of Pakistan (1956 – 1957), Minister of Defense (1956 – 1957), Minister of Health (1955 – 1956), Leader of the Opposition (1955 – 1956), Minister of Law and Justice (1953 – 1955), Premier of Bengal (1946 – 1947), Provincial Minister of Civil Supplies (1943 – 1945), Provincial Minister of Labor and Commerce (1937 – 1943), Deputy Mayor of Calcutta (1924 – 1925), Member of the Bengal Legislative Assembly (1921 – 1936), President of Awami League (1956 – 1957) |
| Profession | Lawyer, Politician. |
| Works in | Awami League, Muslim league, |
| Serve in Government | 1921 – 1957 |
| Awards | In 2004, Suhrawardy had ranked number 19 in the BBC’s poll of the Greatest Bengali of all time, Khayaban-e-Suhrawardy (lit. Garden of Suhrawardy), He is one of the major thoroughfares of the Pakistani capital of Islamabad. |
After Pakistan Came into Existence:
After the Creation of Pakistan in 1947, he turned into a main libertarian government official of East Pakistan (East Bengal). Filled in as the primary Bengali Prime Minister of Pakistan. Later He had to leave under the danger of President Iskander Mirza. The Pakistani military junta of General Ayub Khan restricted them from public life[1].
Joining of a Swaraj Party of Chittaranjan:
Naturally introduced to an unmistakable Bengali Muslim family. Suhrawardy had instructed at Oxford and joined the Swaraj Party of Chittaranjan Das after getting back to India in 1921. He turned into the Mayor of Calcutta, the biggest city in British India, during the 1930s. Later, as an individual from the All-India Muslim League, expected the prevalence of Bengal during the 1940s. Alongside Sarat Chandra Bose, Suhrawardy mooted the United Bengal proposition, trying to forestall the Partition of Bengal. Following the freedom of Pakistan in 1947, he turned into a main egalitarian legislator of East Pakistan.
Leaving the Muslim League to join the recently framed middle left Awami League in 1952. Alongside A. K. Fazlul Huq and Maulana Bhashani, he drove the skillet Bengali United Front coalition to a reverberating triumph in the 1954 East Bengal decisions and vanquished the Muslim League [1].
Joining of Awami League:
In 1956, the Awami League framed a union with the Republican Party to lead an alliance government in Pakistan. Suhrawardy became PM and swore to determine the energy emergencies. Address monetary aberrations among East and West Pakistan, and reinforce the military. His drives included graceful side financial arrangements, arranging atomic force and energy, and revamping and improving the Pakistani military. In international strategy, he spearheaded a key organization with the United States.
Confronted with pressure from the organization and business network over his arrangements to help conveyance, nationalization, and resistance to the one-unit plot. Suhrawardy passed on in 1963 in Beirut, Lebanon. After enduring a gigantic respiratory failure [1].
Family of Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy:
Suhrawardy was born on 8th September 1892 to a Bengali Muslim family in the town of Midnapore, presently in West Bengal. He was the more youthful child of Justice Sir Zahid Suhrawardy. A conspicuous adjudicator of the Calcutta High Court, and Khujastha Akhtar Banu (c. 1874–1919) a prominent name in Urdu writing and researcher of Persian. Banu had the girl of Maulana Ubaidullah Al Ubaidi Suhrawardy and sister of British Army official, Lieutenant-Colonel Hassan Suhrawardy, OBE, and Sir Abdullah Al-Mamun Suhrawardy. Suhrawardy had a senior sibling Shahid Suhrawardy, the prime supporter of Pakistan PEN Miscellenay with Professor Ahmed Ali [1].
Instruction and Marriage:
Suhrawardy went to St. Xavier’s College, where he got BS in Mathematics in 1910. Later he had accepted at the branch of crafts at the University of Calcutta. In 1913, he picked up an MA in the Arabic language and won a grant to continue his training abroad. Thereafter, he moved to the United Kingdom to go to St. Catherine’s Society, Oxford, from where he got a BCL degree in common law and equity. After leaving Oxford, he had called to the bar at Gray’s Inn and later began his training at Calcutta High Court [1].
In 1920, Suhrawardy wedded Begum Niaz Fatima, the girl of Sir Abdur Rahim. Then home father of the Bengal Province of British India and later President of India’s Central Legislative Assembly. Suhrawardy had two kids from this marriage; Ahmed Shahab Suhrawardy and Begum Akhtar Sulaiman (née Akhtar Jahan Suhrawardy).
Ahmed Suhrawardy passed on from pneumonia while he was an understudy in London in 1940. Begum Akhtar Sulaiman had hitched to Shah Ahmed Sulaiman (child of Justice Sir Shah Sulaiman) and had one kid, Shahida Jamil (who later turned into the dominant female Pakistani Federal Minister for Law). Shahida Jamil has two children, Zahid Jamil (a legal advisor in Pakistan) and Shahid Jamil (a specialist in London) [1].
1st & 2nd Wife of Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy:
His first spouse, Begum Niaz Fatima, passed on in 1922. In 1940 Suhrawardy wedded Vera Alexandrovna Tiscenko Calder, who, after her transformation to Islam, had changed her name to Begum Noor Jehan. She was a Russian entertainer of Polish plummet from the Moscow Art Theatre and protege of Olga Knipper. The couple separated in 1951 and had one youngster, Rashid Suhrawardy (otherwise known as Robert Ashby). He had an entertainer living in London (he played Jawaharlal Nehru in the film Jinnah). Vera later got comfortable in America [1].
Political Activism in British India:
Suhrawardy got back to the subcontinent in 1921 as a rehearsing counselor of the Calcutta High Court. He got engaged with legislative issues in Bengal. At first, he joined the Swaraj Party, a gathering inside the Indian National Congress, and turned into an impassioned supporter of Chittaranjan Das. He assumed a significant part in marking the Bengal Pact in 1923 [1].
Deputy Mayor of the Calcutta Corporation:
Suhrawardy turned into the Deputy Mayor of the Calcutta Corporation at 31 years old in 1924. The Deputy Leader of the Swaraj Party in the Provincial Assembly. Following the passing of Chittaranjan Das in 1925, he disassociated himself with the Swaraj Party and in the end joined Muslim League. He filled in as Minister of Labor, and Minister of Civil Supplies under Khawaja Nazimuddin among unique positions. He was the Minister dependable during the Midnapore (Bengal) starvation of 1943, however, did little to mitigate it [1].
Madhushree Mukherjee’s 2010 book, “Churchill’s mystery War” puts the duty primarily on Churchill. At that point wartime chief of Britain for effectively obstructing alleviation to Bengal when the Americans offered it in their boats, regarding Churchill’s persistent hold back of a “shortage of delivery” in the Atlantic. (Mukherjee genuinely addressed the supposed shortage dependent on reports accessible as of late). Suhrawardy’s legislature actualized British seared earth arrangements intended to counter Japanese attack dangers, strategies like consuming over 1,000 fishing vessels to impede any development of attacking soldiers [1].
These estimates exasperated starvation and starvation. Help, it had stated, just showed up after Wavell became Viceroy, who used the Indian Army to arrange alleviation. Anyhow, at that point, the winter crop had shown up and starvation conditions had just facilitated after millions had prior died. In the Bengal Muslim League, Suhrawardy and Abul Hashim drove a reformist line against the moderate stream drove by Nazimuddin and Akram Khan [1].
PM (Prime Minister) of Bengal:
In 1946, Suhrawardy set up and headed a Muslim League government in Bengal. It was the main Muslim League government in India around then [1].
Joined Bengal Proposition:
As the interest in a different Muslim territory of Pakistan got mainstream among Indian Muslims. The autonomy of Pakistan on mutual lines was inescapable by mid-1947. To forestall the incorporation of Hindu-greater part locale of Punjab and Bengal in a Muslim Pakistan. The Indian National Congress and the Hindu Mahasabha looked for the division of these territories on public lines. Bengali patriots, for example, Sarat Chandra Bose, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, Kiran Shankar Roy, Abul Hashim, Satya Ranjan Bakshi, and Fazlul Qadir Chaudhry looked to counter parcel recommendations with the interest for a unified and autonomous province of Bengal [1].
Suhrawardy and Bose looked for the development of an alliance government between the Bengali Congress and the Bengal Provincial Muslim League. Defenders of the arrangement encouraged the majority to dismiss shared divisions and maintain the vision of an assembled Bengal. In a public interview held in Delhi on 27 April, 1947 Suhrawardy introduced his arrangement for a unified. Free Bengal and Abul Hashim explained Calcutta on 29th April. Anyway, the arrangement bombed because of the resistance of the Muslim League, Congress, the Hindu Mahasabha, and the Communist Party of India [1].
Direct Action Day:
Suhrawardy has left a disputable inheritance in post-autonomous India. He had seen as answerable for releasing, at Jinnah’s command, the Direct-Action Day in August 1946 which killed thousands. Notwithstanding, it is impossible that either Jinnah or Suhrawardy sorted out or legitimately energized the viciousness. Although Jinnah recommended inability to agree to Muslim League requests would prompt common war. Nobody dependably controlled the different League groups. Eventually, Jinnah needed a unified India, however, with power equality between the Muslim League and Congress Party. Direct Action Day confounded Suhrawardy and Jinnah’s endeavors to wrest power from the Congress party [1].
The Autonomy of Pakistan:
In 1947, the overall influence in Calcutta moved from the Muslim League to the Indian National Congress. Suhrawardy ventured down from the Chief Ministership. Not at all like other Muslim League stalwarts of India, he didn’t leave his old neighborhood promptly for the recently settled Pakistan. Foreseeing vengeance of Hindus against Muslims in Calcutta after the exchange of intensity, Suhrawardy looked for help from Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi was born to remain and appease tempers in Calcutta with the goal that Suhrawardy share a similar rooftop with him. So, they could interest Muslims and Hindus the same to live in harmony. “Difficulty makes peculiar bed-colleagues,” Gandhi commented in his petition meeting [1].
Upon the arrangement of Pakistan, Suhrawardy kept up his work in governmental issues. Proceeding to zero in on East Bengal as it became after the autonomy of Pakistan. On re-visitation of Dhaka, he joined Awami Muslim League that Maulana Bhashai framed. During the 1950s, Suhrawardy attempted to merge ideological groups in East Pakistan to adjust the governmental issues of West Pakistan. He, alongside other driving Bengali pioneers A. K. Fazlul Huq and Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani, framed a political union for the sake of the Jukta Front which won an avalanche triumph in the 1954 general appointment of East Pakistan. Under Muhammad Ali Bogra, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy would fill in as Law Minister and later become the head of resistance groups [1].
Executive of Pakistan:
In 1956, Suhrawardy won the space of Prime pastor and had hurriedly selected as fifth Prime Minister. By President Iskander Mirza after the unexpected abdication of Chaudhry Muhammad Ali. As Prime priest, Suhrawardy took the country with certainty on public radio, promising to determine the energy emergencies, conservative differences and guaranteed the country to assemble a huge military in a weapons contest with India [1].
One Unit Program:
The One Unit was a dubious international program actualized to merge the political position, held by four regions, to government capital in 1954. When Suhrawardy was the Prime Minister, a serious political rivalry between the traditionalist Muslim League. The moderate Republican Party was framing this issue. The legislative issues over this issue were turbulent when the four regions occupied with a political battle to the inversion of the-Unit which set up West Pakistan in 1955 [1].
The conservative and left-wing parties in the West were restricting the One Unit. The traditionalist Muslim took the reason up League and into strict gatherings. Head administrator Suhrawardy upheld One-Unit intent to build up federalism. However, the huge resistance deadened Suhrawardy’s advancement to regulate the program appropriately. Strategically, One-Unit neglected to advance and endured many setbacks in the West; it didn’t create any international outcomes and accomplishments for Suhrawardy’s administration. Then again, One-Unit was a significant achievement in East Pakistan [1].
Political Problems and Issues:
In political irritations, monstrous work strikes, and common issues affected at the command of conservative and left-wing parties. Suhrawardy had to stop One-Unit last by surrendering the dubious segments of One Unit in 1956. The four areas effectively held their topographical status while East-Pakistan had advanced into one vast region with an overpowering Bengali populace [1].
Monetary Activities:
The naturally obliged, the National Finance Commission Program (NFC Program). He had promptly suspended Prime Minister Suhrawardy regardless of the stores of the four areas of West Pakistan in 1956. Suhrawardy upheld the USSR-based Five-Year Plans to concentrate the public economy. In this view, East Pakistan’s economy had immediately concentrated and all major financial arrangements moved to West Pakistan [1].
Endeavors prompting incorporating the economy had met with extraordinary obstruction in West Pakistan. When the first-class monopolist and the business network furiously wouldn’t oblige to his arrangements. The business network in Karachi started its political battle to sabotage any endeavors of monetary dispersion of the US$10 million. ICA helps to the better aspect of East Pakistan and to set up a united public delivery partnership. In the budgetary urban areas of West Pakistan, for example, Karachi, Lahore, Quetta, and Peshawar, there was an arrangement of significant work strikes against the financial approaches of Suhrawardy upheld by the world-class business network and the private area [1].
Prime Minister as a Private Company in the Nation:
To redirect consideration from the questionable One Unit Program. Prime Minister Suhrawardy attempted to end the emergencies by calling a little gathering of speculators to set up a private company in the nation. Many activities and holding off the NFC Award Program, Suhrawardy’s political position and the picture declined and disintegrated in the four regions in West Pakistan. It alarmed many patriot chiefs and activists of the Muslim League with the suspension of the intrinsically obliged NFC Program while patriots [1].
His grumblers and Muslim League pioneers saw that with the suspension of the NFC Award Program. Suhrawardy attempted to give more money-related allotments, helps, awards, and occasions to East-Pakistan than West Pakistan, including West Pakistan’s four areas. During the most recent days of his Prime pastoral years, Suhrawardy attempted to eliminate the monetary uniqueness between the Eastern and Western wings of the nation, however, with no result. He additionally attempted ineffectively to ease the food lack in the nation [1].
Legitimate Changes:
Suhrawardy’s offered for prevalence just as Suhrawardy’s effective manufacturing of a partnership with the Republican Party made sure about the workplace for himself. When he turned into the leader, Suhrawardy started a legitimate work resuscitating the joint electorate framework. There was a solid resistance and hatred for the joint electorate framework in West Pakistan. The Muslim League had taken the reason to people and started calling for the usage of a discrete electorate framework. As opposed to West Pakistan, the joint electorate was exceptionally famous in East Pakistan. The back-and-forth with the Muslim League to build up the fitting electorate messed up his administration [1].
His commitment to detailing the 1956 constitution of Pakistan was significant as he assumed a fundamental function in fusing arrangements for common freedoms and all-inclusive grown-up establishment by his adherence to the parliamentary type of liberal majority rules system [1].
International Strategy:
In the international strategy field, Suhrawardy burned through no time declaring his international strategy in the first meeting of the parliament of Pakistan. Suhrawardy upheld an articulated favorable to western strategy, supporting a solid help to the United States. Suhrawardy has been viewed as the pioneer of Pakistan’s favorable United States stand. A strategy that is by and preceded by the current government. He was additionally the main Pakistani Prime Minister to visit China in 1956 and the assignment included Professor Ahmed Ali, Pakistan’s First Envoy to China (1951–52) who had set up the Pakistani consulate in Peking and shaped PAK-China companionship and reinforced the authority discretionary kinship among Pakistan and China, a fellowship that Henry Kissinger would later use to put his now-on the map mystery excursion to China in July 1971 [1].
His residency saw the upgrade of relations with the United States in July 1957. When President Dwight Eisenhower mentioned leader Suhrawardy to permit the US to build up a mystery knowledge office in Pakistan and for the U-2 spy plane to fly from Pakistan. An office set up in Badaber (Peshawar Air Station), 10 miles (16 km) from Peshawar, was a spread for a significant interchanges block activity run by the United States National Security Agency (NSA). The base was at last shut by the military government in 1970, later by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who introduced the ISI as responsible for the base in 1971 [1].
His favorable to western arrangement destroyed the unfamiliar help for the liberal coalition in Pakistan eminent of them were Maulana Bhashani and Yar Mohammad Khan who tested him for the gathering’s chairmanship. Even though Maulana Bhashani and Yar Mohammad Khan figured out how to combine the Awami League, they neglected to convey the gathering mass with them [1].
Death of Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy:
He had been an ongoing heart tolerant and died in Lebanon in 1963 because of heart failure. His demise was formal because of confusion from heart issues; however, some have claimed he had harmed, gassed, or exposed to dull injury in his room, although is no evidence of this [1].
Legacy [1]:
- Suhrawardy Udyan, a memorable maidan in Dhaka (earlier the Ramna Race Course).
- Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College Hospital, a significant government emergency clinic in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- Government Shaheed Suhrawardy College, a public school, in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- Kahayan-e-Suhrawardy, one of the principal lanes of Islamabad
References:
- peoplepill, 21st Ocotber 2020, Available from: https://peoplepill.com/people/huseyn-shaheed-suhrawardy/